1. Washington State Board Against Discrimination, Report on the City of Kennewick, July 1963, box 5, Washington State Board Against Discrimination Records, Washington State Archives, Olympia (hereafter cited as WSBAD Records).
2. Tri-City Herald (Pasco, Wash.), May 24, 1963.
3. Josh Sides, "Rethinking Black Migration: A Perspective from the West," in Moving Stories: Migration and the American West, 1850-2000, Halcyon series, Vol. 23, ed. Scott E. Caspar and Lucinda M. Long (Reno, 2001), 185-21 1; Quintard Taylor, The Forging of a Black Community: Seattle's Central District, from 1870 through the Civil Rights Era (Seattle, 1994); idem, "A History of Blacks in the Pacific Northwest, 1788-1970," Ph.D. dissertation (University of Minnesota, 1977).
4. Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Coleman, interview by Quintard Taylor, Dec. 8, 1972, Pasco, tape, Black Oral History Interviews, 1972- 1974 (ace. 78-3), Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections, Washington State University Libraries, Pullman.
5. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Sixteenth Census of the United States, 1940: Population, Vol. 2: Characteristics of the Population, pt. 7: Utah-Wyoming (Washington, D.C., 1943), 150-53; idem, Seventeenth Census of the United States, 1950, Vol. 2: Characteristics of the Population, pt. 47: Washington (Washington, D.C., 1952), 66-67.
6. James T. Wiley, Jr., "Race Conflict as Exemplified in a Washington Town," M.A. thesis (State College of Washington [Washington State University], 1949), 16.
7. Taylor, "History of Blacks," 219; Peter Bacon Hales, Atomic Spaces: Living on the Manhattan Project (Urbana, 111., 1997), 10; S. L. Sänger, Working on the Bomb: An Oral History of WWII Hanford, ed. Craig Wollner (Portland, Oreg., 1995), 68; E. R. Dudley, "Investigation of Civilian Defense Project at Hanford, Washington," June 1944, reel 5, pt. 15, series A, Papers of the NAACP, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
8. Franklin T. Matthias, "Diary and Notes of Col. Franklin Matthias, 1942-1945," Aug. 18, 1943, ace. 8113, U.S. Department of Energy Public Reading Room, Consolidated Libraries, Washington State University Tri-Cities, Richland
9. Wiley, 14.
10. Emmett B. Reed to Charles F. Schaefer, Nov. 10, 1943 (qtn.); Thurgood Marshall to Schaefer, Dec. 23, 1943, and to F. A. Stokes, Jan. 17, 1944; Stokes to Marshall, Feb. 5, 1944, all on reel 19, pt. 15, series A, NAACP Papers; Northwest Enterprise, Feb. 2, 1944.
11. Dudley.
12. Memo from Richland Human Rights Commission to Richland City Council, Aug. 6, 1969, Human Rights Commission folder, City of Richland History Collection, Richland Public Library, Washington; Tri-City Herald, Feb. 24, 2002.
13. Matthias, Aug. 29, 1943.
[14 included in the full article]
15. Dudley; Du Pont.
16. Wiley, 91-92 (qtn.); Dudley; Du Pont, 1:86-88; Kevin Boyle, "The Kiss: Racial and Gender Conflict in a 1950s Automobile Factory," Journal of American History, Vol. 84 (September 1997), 496-523.
17. Matthias, March 2, May 21, June 23, 1943; Tri-City Herald, Feb. 24, 2002.
18. Ray Henry, interview by Quintard Taylor, Dec. 8, 1972, Pasco, tape, Black Oral History Interviews.
19. Coleman interview; Du Pont, 1:84-85; Wiley, 14-15.
20. Dudley.
21. Coleman interview.
22. Taylor, "History of Blacks," 220-21.
23. Dudley. By the end of 1944, the Hanford branch of the NAACP boasted 292 members. See "naacp Branch Membership Report, 1944," reel 9, pt. 15, series A, naacp Papers.
24. Dudley.
25. Coleman interview; Henry interview.
26. Coleman interview.
27. Ibid.
28. Wiley, 14-16; Gordon R. Rutherford, "An Appraisal of the Adult Education Implications of a Community Survey," M.A. thesis (Washington State College, 1949), 6-7; Margaret Elaine Burgess, "A Study of Selected Socio-Cultural and Opinion Differentials among Negroes and Whites in the Pasco, Washington Community," M.A. thesis (Washington State College, 1949), 20.
29. See Mary L. Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights: Race and the Image of American Democracy (Princeton, N.J., 2000); and Manning Marable, Race, Reform, and Rebellion: The Second Reconstruction in Black America, 1945-1990 (Jackson, Miss., 1991), esp. chap. 2.
30. Charles P. Larrowe, "Memo on the Status of Negroes in the Hanford, Washington Area," April 1949, box 6, Records of the Office of the Chairman, AEC (David E. Lilienthal, 1946-50), Records of the Atomic Energy Commission (RG 326), National Archives, Washington, D.C; Washington State Board Against Discrimination, Second Semi-Annual Report, June 30, 1950, box 5, WSBAD Records (qtn.).
31. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Seventeenth Census of the United States, 1950, pp. 66- 67; Pasco Herald, Oct. 16, 1947.
32. Henry interview.
33. Rutherford, 3-13, 17-25; Burgess, 18-22.
34. Burgess, 7-8, 38-40; Wiley, 53-57, 60-61.
35. Burgess, 3, 21-22; Wiley, 62-66, 67 (qtn.), 81-82.
36. Wiley, 78.
37. Washington State University General Extension Service, A Community Survey of the Pasco -Kennewick Area, November, 1949 ([Pullman], 1949); Burgess, 48.
38. Burgess, 72-77.
39. Wiley, 53. See also Paschke, 58-59.
40. Burgess, 21, 22 (1st qtn.); Taylor, Forging of a Black Community, 179 (last qtn.), 180.
41. Florence Merrick biographical summary, n.d., Florence Merrick folder, Pasco History Collection, Franklin County Historical Museum, Pasco; Burgess, 6-7.
42. Larrowe.
[43–45 included in the full article]
46. "Branch Membership Report, 1950" and "New naacp Branch at Pasco to Hear N. W. Griffin," April 1948, both on reel 10, pt. 25, series A, NAACP Papers; Wiley, 74, 135-37; Minutes of the Executive Committee of the Northwest Area Conference of the NAACP, May 1954, folder 29, box 2, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Seattle Branch, Records 1950-1968, Special Collections, University of Washington Libraries, Seattle.
